contracción muscular

 

ÁCIDOS NUCLÉICOS

https://biologiacampmorvedre.blogspot.com/2015/02/2-bachillerato-tema-5-acidos-nucleicos.html

BASES NITROGENADAS:

NUCLEÓSIDOS:

NUCLEÓTIDOS:

POLINUCLEÓTIDO:

ORIGAMI DNA:

PROTEINAS

Formación del enlace peptídico:
https://www.wisc-online.com/learn/natural-science/chemistry/bic007/peptide-bond-formation

http://biomodel.uah.es/model1j/prot/pept-enl.htm



Estructura de las proteinas:
http://www.educaplus.org/game/estructura-de-las-proteinas

¿QUÉ ES UNA PROTEINA?

 
Actividades
1. Cita un ejemplo de cada uno de los tipos de aminoácidos que se mencionan en el vídeo.
2. ¿Qué papel desempeñan los enlaces de hidrógeno en la estructura de las proteínas?
3. ¿Qué funciones proteicas son citadas en el vídeo?


http://www.joaquinrodriguezpiaya.es/2_Bachillerato_Biologia/Bioquimica/Proteinas/index_proteinas.html

Genetic engineering

http://www.edistribucion.es/anayaeducacion/8450021/unidad_04.html

How to Extract DNA from Anything Living

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/detergent/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/enzyme/

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/extraction/howto/DNA_Extraction.pdf

 First, you need to find something that contains DNA. Since DNA is the blueprint for life,
everything living contains DNA. For this experiment, we like to use green split peas. But there
are lots of other DNA sources too, such as:
   Spinach
   Chicken liver
  Strawberries
  Broccoli
Step 1

Put in a blender:
•     1/2 cup of split peas (100ml)
•     1/8 teaspoon table salt (less than 1ml)
•     1 cup cold water (200ml)
Blend on high for 15 seconds.
The blender separates the pea cells from
each other, so you now have a really thin
pea-cell soup.


Soapy Peas
Pour your thin pea-cell soup through a
strainer into another container (like a
measuring cup).
Step 2
Add 2 tablespoons liquid detergent (about
30ml) and swirl to mix.
Let the mixture sit for 5-10 minutes.
Pour the mixture into test tubes or other
small glass containers, each about 1/3 full.
Step 3
Enzyme Power
Add a pinch of enzymes to each test tube
and stir gently. Be careful! If you stir too
hard, you’ll break up the DNA, making it
harder to see.
Use meat tenderizer for enzymes. If you
can’t find tenderizer, try using pineapple
juice or contact lens cleaning solution.


Alcohol Separation
Tilt your test tube and slowly pour
rubbing alcohol (70-95% isopropyl or
ethyl alcohol) into the tube down the side
so that it forms a layer on top of the pea
mixture. Pour until you have about the
same amount of alcohol in the tube as
pea mixture.
Step 4
Alcohol is less dense than water, so it
floats on top. Look for clumps of white
stringy stuff where the water and alcohol
layers meet.
Finish
What is that Stringy Stuff?
DNA is a long, stringy molecule. The salt
that you added in step one helps it stick
together. So what you see are clumps of
tangled DNA molecules!
DNA normally stays dissolved in water,
but when salty DNA comes in contact with
alcohol it becomes undissolved. This is
called precipitation. The physical force of
the DNA clumping together as it precipitates
pulls more strands along with it as it rises
into the alcohol.
You can use a wooden stick or a straw to
collect the DNA. If you want to save your
DNA, you can transfer it to a small container
filled with alcohol.


You Have Just Completed DNA Extraction!
Now that you’ve successfully extracted DNA from one source, you’re ready to
experiment further. Try these ideas or some of your own:
Experiment with other DNA sources. Which
source gives you the most DNA? How can you
compare them?
Experiment with different soaps and
detergents. Do powdered soaps work as well as
liquid detergents? How about shampoo or body
scrub?
Experiment with leaving out or changing steps.
We’ve told you that you need each step, but
is this true? Find out for yourself. Try leaving
out a step or changing how much of each
ingredient you use.
Do only living organisms contain DNA? Try
extracting DNA from things that you think
might not have DNA.
Want to conduct more DNA extraction
experiments? Try out different soaps and
detergents. Do powdered soaps work as well
as liquid detergents?

Rosalind Franklin - My Favourite Scientist

Lies, Thieves and DNA

DNA - Chalk Talk

Enzymes Make the World Go 'Round

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_enzymes.html

Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. Let’s say you ate a piece of meat. Proteases would goto work and help break down the peptide bonds between the amino acids.

Will all enzymes break down all substances? No. Enzymes are very specific catalysts and usually work to complete one task. An enzyme that helps digest proteins will not be useful to break down carbohydrates. Also, you will not find all enzymes everywhere in the body. That would be inefficient. There are unique enzymes in neural cells, intestinal cells, and your saliva. 

Assembly Line Robots

You all know about cars and the assembly lines where they are made. There are giant robots helping people do specific tasks. Some lift the whole car, some lift

doors, and some put bolts on the frames. Enzymes are like those giant robots. They grab one or two pieces, do something to them, and then release them. Once their job is done, they move to the next piece and do the same thing again. They are little protein robots inside your cells.

The robot that was designed to move a car door can't put brakes on the car. The specialized robot arms just can't do the job. Enzymes are the same. They can only work with specific molecules and only do specific tasks. Because they are so specific, their structure is very important. If only one amino acid of the enzyme is messed up, the enzyme might not work. It would be as if someone unplugged one of the cords in a robot.

 For example, some herbicides are used to block plant enzyme activity. A tiny herbicide molecule can attach to the active site of an enzyme and stop it from working. Plants have adapted by changing one or two amino acids in their enzymes. They adjust their structure, are able to continue working, and the herbicide can no longer limit the enzyme. 

Four Steps of Enzyme Action

1. The enzyme and the substrate are in the same area. Some situations have more than one substrate molecule that the enzyme will change.

2. The enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site. The combination is called the enzyme/substrate complex. Enzymes are very, very specific and don't just grab on to any molecule. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is like the grasping claw of the robot on the assembly line. It can only pick up one or two parts.

3. A process called catalysis happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. It will break or build chemical bonds. When done, you will have the enzyme/products complex. 

4. The enzyme releases the product. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to its original shape. It is then ready to work on another molecule of substrate.

Can You Control Them?

Good question! We know what you're thinking: "What if enzymes just kept going and converted every molecule in the world? They would never stop. They would become monsters!" Don’t worry. There are many factors that can regulate enzyme activity, including temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors.

 

From DNA to Protein

Molecular Visualizations of DNA - Original High Quality Version

Drew Berry: Animations of unseeable biology

Restriction Enzyme EcoR1

Restriction Enzymes Pt 1

GENE THERAPY

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Virtual labs:

DNA extraction, Gel electrophoresis, PCR
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/

Click and clone
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clickandclone/  

Is it cloning? Or not?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/cloningornot/

Why clone?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/

Cloning myths
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/cloningmyths/

GENETICS AND SOCIETY

Genetically modified foods
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/

Pharming for Farmaceuticals

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/pharming/

Can DNA Demand A Verdict?

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/forensics/

Using Genetic Tools to Fight Viral Outbreaks

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/viruses/


Conservation genetics

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/conservation/

THE CENTRAL DOGMA

 What's a gene?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/gene/

RNA's role in the Central Dogma:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/centraldogma/

 Transcribe and translate a gene:
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/

How do cells read genes?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/dnacodes/

What's a protein?
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/proteins/

Types of proteins:

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/proteintypes/

 La palabra enzima procede del griego ἐν, en, y ζύμη, levadura. Sinónimo: fermento. La primera definición de fermento en el diccionario de la real academia de la lengua española es enzima. Otro significado de fermento en el diccionario es causa o motivo de agitación o alteración de los ánimos. Fermento es también influjo que induce a la realización de un proceso o de una actividad.

Transcription and Translation

From RNA to Protein Synthesis

DNA Replication Process [3D Animation]